The Great Wildebeest Migration, also known as the Gnu Migration, Serengeti Migration, or Masai Mara Migration, is one of the most awe-inspiring natural events in Africa. This incredible phenomenon remains one of the last significant mass terrestrial wildlife migrations on Earth, drawing travelers from all corners of the globe to Kenya and Tanzania, especially around mid-year.
The wildebeest migration is a captivating paradox of nature. Although timing plays a crucial role, predicting the animals’ movements is nearly impossible. While it is certain that the wildebeest, along with some zebras and antelopes, will eventually cross the Mara River, the exact timing of these crossings remains a mystery. Similarly, it is known that rainfall triggers their movement to fresh grazing areas, but pinpointing when the rains will arrive is beyond anyone’s guess.
Since 1998, we have been organizing Wildebeest Migration safaris, assisting thousands of travelers in experiencing this extraordinary spectacle at the best possible time, in the most strategic locations, and at the most competitive prices. For those seeking expert guidance, we have compiled this detailed beginner’s guide to planning a Wildebeest Migration safari.
Can the River Crossings be Predicted?
Unfortunately, even the wildebeest themselves cannot predict the timing of the river crossings. Some may arrive at the river and immediately swim across, while others might linger, grazing nearby for days. Some may even turn back without crossing. Despite our best efforts, the river crossings remain unpredictable, making it crucial to allocate as much time as possible during your safari if you wish to witness this remarkable event.
When Do the Wildebeest Migrate?
While many people associate the Wildebeest Migration with the period between July and October, the migration is actually a year-round, dynamic, circular movement of approximately two million animals. Various key events, including the famous river crossings, occur throughout the year. The peak of the migration, however, often coincides with the high safari season from June to October, which is why many travelers assume this is the only time to witness the migration.
Where Does the Great Migration Begin?
The Great Migration follows an ever-changing, circular path across the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem, without a fixed start or end point. The wildebeest, along with other herbivores like zebras, follow a centuries-old route dictated by the seasonal rains. Their journey begins in Tanzania’s Serengeti, moves across the Masai Mara plains in Kenya, and extends to the edge of the Ngorongoro Crater. The animals’ movements are dictated by the availability of fresh grass and water, leading them in a clockwise direction across the vast plains.
Why Do Wildebeest Migrate?
The primary driving force behind the Great Migration is the wildebeest’s instinctual response to weather patterns, particularly the rains. They follow the rains and the resulting growth of new grass, seeking food to sustain their survival. While some experts speculate that the wildebeest may also be influenced by distant thunderstorms or lightning, there is no scientific evidence to confirm this theory. Ultimately, the migration is driven by the wildebeest’s fundamental need to find fresh grazing grounds to stay alive.
A Complete Guide to the Wildebeest Migration – What Happens When?
Month-by-Month Breakdown of the Great Migration
Climate change has disrupted the once-predictable rainy seasons in Tanzania and Kenya, making the timing of the wildebeest migration less consistent than in the past. Rainfall can be early or delayed, which means the wildebeest migration calendar may shift, further underscoring the importance of spending ample time on safari. A two-night visit is simply not enough to guarantee witnessing a river crossing; nature doesn’t work on a tight schedule.
Here’s a general month-by-month guide to the wildebeest migration, but keep in mind the entire Gnu Migration is influenced by rainfall, which can vary from year to year.
January
In January, the wildebeest are typically found in Tanzania’s Serengeti National Park, moving south from the northeast region toward Lake Ndutu. The Serengeti is unfenced, so the herds are free to roam in search of grazing. While up to two million wildebeest, zebras, and antelope may be part of the migration, they don’t form a single herd. Instead, they break up into smaller mega-herds, some containing thousands, others hundreds of individuals.
February to March
February through March marks calving season, a time when over 8,000 wildebeest calves are born each day. This period is an emotional rollercoaster, as the newborn calves are vulnerable to predators. The Serengeti’s big cats, such as lions, take advantage of this abundant food source, while other predators like jackals, wild dogs, and hyenas also contribute to the drama.
April
In April, the long rains (April–May) begin, and the herds generally start moving in a north-westward direction toward the Moru and Simba Kopjes. During this time, the rutting (breeding) season is in full swing, with males engaging in intense physical contests to win the right to mate with females.
May
By May, the wildebeest herds are on the move in full force. Columns of up to 40 kilometers (25 miles) in length can sometimes be seen as the herds funnel into the central Serengeti. With the calves now stronger and more mobile, the pace quickens as the animals make their way across the plains.
June to October
From June to October, the migration reaches its peak with dramatic river crossings at the Grumeti and Mara Rivers. These months offer the best chances to witness this thrilling event, but the crossings remain unpredictable.
November to December
In November and December, the short rains prompt the wildebeest to leave the Masai Mara and return to the Serengeti, restarting their epic 3,000-kilometer (1,900-mile) journey.
When is the Best Time to Go on a Migration Safari?
Best Time to Go
Now that you know how the Great Wildebeest Migration in Africa works, you can easily see that the best time to go depends entirely on which events you’re personally interested in seeing. Remember, the Serengeti and Masai Mara’s abundance of wildlife and wide open landscapes make them fantastic year-round safari destinations.
| Event | Approximate Time | Place |
|---|---|---|
| Calving (Birthing) Season | February to March | Southern Serengeti |
| Rutting (Breeding) Season | April to May | Western & Central Serengeti |
| Grumeti River Crossings | May to June | Central Serengeti |
| Mara River Crossings | July to August | Northern Serengeti & Masai Mara |
| On the Move | November to January | Masai Mara & Northern Serengeti to Southern Serengeti |
Note: The above dates are approximate. The Wildebeest Migration is a year-round, circular journey, and the river crossings cannot be predicted. Sometimes, the herds stay put for two weeks; other times, they could cross four times in one day!
Key Facts to Remember
The bulk of the Great Wildebeest Migration takes place in the Serengeti, following a circular, year-round journey. While river crossings are unpredictable, they generally occur between May and August. The migration stretches across vast areas, with forerunners leading the way and stragglers following behind.
For the best chance of witnessing a dramatic river crossing, you may need to spend an entire day at a crossing point where wildebeests have massed. Photographers should be prepared for harsh midday lighting conditions and plan accordingly to capture the best shots.
Ready to Plan Your Migration Safari? Get in Touch
Tips for Planning Your Wildebeest Migration Safari
1. Book Early – At Least a Year in Advance
Lodges and camps fill up quickly, particularly during the high season (June to October) when the famous river crossings attract large crowds. While migration activity occurs year-round, planning in advance ensures access to the best accommodations.
2. Choose Your Timing Carefully
The migration is unpredictable, so tailor your safari timing based on the experience you seek. Key highlights include:
- Calving Season (January – March): Witness thousands of wildebeests giving birth in the Southern Serengeti.
- River Crossings (May – August): Experience the dramatic Mara River crossings as herds brave crocodile-infested waters.
- The Herds on the Move (Year-Round): Enjoy the endless movement of wildebeests and zebras across the plains.
3. Avoid the Crowds
The Masai Mara National Reserve and Serengeti National Park attract large numbers of visitors during peak season. To enjoy a more exclusive safari:
- Stay in private conservancies adjacent to the Masai Mara, which offer luxurious accommodations, off-road game drives, and night safaris.
- Choose Serengeti camps slightly removed from migration hotspots for a balance between action and tranquility.
4. Diversify Your Game Viewing
The migration can be exhilarating yet overwhelming. Consider ending your safari at a lodge away from the migration route to enjoy a quieter, more diverse game-viewing experience.
5. Enhance Your Safari with Additional Destinations
Pair your Wildebeest Migration safari with other iconic experiences:
- Gorilla Trekking: Visit Uganda, Rwanda, or the Congo for up-close encounters with mountain gorillas.
- Tropical Beaches: Relax on the pristine shores of Zanzibar, Seychelles, or Mauritius.
- Cape Town: Experience exquisite cuisine, fine wine, art, and breathtaking landscapes.
- Victoria Falls: Marvel at the world’s largest waterfall and enjoy thrilling activities like white-water rafting and Livingstone Island excursions.
Ready to Plan Your Migration Safari?
If you’re ready to embark on an unforgettable Wildebeest Migration safari, contact one of our Africa Safari Experts. They will tailor your itinerary to match your preferences, ensuring an extraordinary experience.
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